48 VETERINAKY STATE BOARD 



which aids in forming the radio-ulnar arch. The posterior border is 

 concave and thick. 



On the superior extremity is an enormous process, the olecranon, 

 which provides place for the attachment of the extensors of the fore- 

 arm. It shows anteriorly an articular surface, the sigmoid cavity, 

 which terminates above in a beak. The inferior extremity terminates 

 in a sharp point, and sometimes by a small knob, the capitellum, 

 which sometimes extends to the inferior extremity of the radius. 



The ulna articulates with the humerus and radius. 



Name the bones of the carpus. 



Scaphoid, lunar, cuneiform, pisiform or supercarpal, trapezoid, 

 magnum and unciform. 



Describe the pedal bone. 



The pedal bone, os pedis, third phalanx or coffin bone as it is 

 variously known, supports the hoof and anterior limb. It is a short 

 bone, somewhat pyramidal in shape, and is divided into three faces, 

 three borders, and two lateral angles. 



The anterior face is perforated by vascular openings and shows 

 laterally the preplantar fissure, a horizontal groove between the 

 basilar and retrossal processes ; between this fissure and the inferior 

 border of the bone is a roughened projecting surface, the patilobe 

 eminence. The superior face shows two articular surfaces, glenoid 

 cavities, which are divided by a median ridge. The inferior (or 

 solar) face is somewhat concave and divided into two regions by 

 the semilunar crest; just behind this crest and on either side the 

 plantar fissures which open into a cavity in the interior, the semi- 

 lunar sinus, may be seen. 



The superior border is convex forward and shows the pyramidal 

 eminence. The inferior border is convex and perforated by from 

 five to ten large foramina. The posterior border is slightly con- 

 cave and shows a diarthrodial facet for the navicular bone. 



The lateral angles are two projections which are directed back- 

 ward. They show a superior, the basilar, and an inferior, the retros- 

 sal, process. 



What bones enter into the formation of the foot? 



Seven carpals, three metacarpals, three phalanges and three 

 sesamoids, before mentioned. 



Describe the first two cervical vertebrae. 



The first or atlas has no head but instead two deep concave 

 facets which articulate with the occipital ; posteriorly, is an articular 

 surface for the odontoid process of the axis; the transverse processes 



