52 VETERINAEY STATE BOARD 



What structures may enter into the construction of the following 

 different kinds of joints: (a) synarthrodial, (b) amphi- 

 arthrodial, and (c) diarthrodial? 



(a) Bone, fibrous tissue and periosteum. 



(b) Bone, fibrocartilage, ligaments. 



(c) Bone, cartilage, ligaments, synovial capsule and synovia. 

 Describe the atlo-axoid articulation. 



This is an example of a diarthrodial joint. It is made up of the 

 odontoid and articular processes of the axis and the corresponding 

 depressions on the atlas. 



Ligaments : Odontoid, from the odontoid to the inferior arch of 

 the atlas; the superior atlo-axoid, between' the spines; the inferior 

 atlo-axoid below the bodies; the capsular Ugdments (two) between 

 the articular processes ; synovial membrane. 



Action: Lateral rotation. 

 Describe the articulating siu-faces of the axis. 



Anteriorly, is a conical process, termed the odontoid, which is 

 flattened above and below, convex and smooth on its inferior surface 

 to fit the corresponding surface on the atlas. The anterior articu- 

 lating processes (prezygopophyses) are carried to the base and to 

 each side of the odontoid in the shape of two undulating facets and 

 are confounded with the gliding surface of the latter. Posteriorly, 

 is a wide and deep cavity to receive the head of the succeeding 

 vertebra; above and on each side of this cavity are the posterior 

 articulating processes (post-zygopophyses) inclined downward. 

 Describe the joints that, back of the dentata, connect the vertebrae. 



Ligaments: 1. The common superior vertebral ligament which 

 lies above the bodies of the vertebrae and is attached to them from 

 the axis to the sacrum. 



2. The common inferior vertebral ligament which lies below the 

 bodies and is attached to them from the sixth or eighth dorsal to 

 the sacrum. 



3. An interarticular fibrocartilage which is found between the 

 bodies of the vertebra. 



4. A capsular ligament, between the articular processes. 



5. An intertransverse, between the transverse processes. 



6. An interlamellar, between the laminae. 



7. An interspinous, between the spinous processes. 



8. A supraspinous, between the summits of the spinous processes. 

 The ligamentum nuehae extends from the first dorsal to the 



occiput. In the sacral and coccygeal regions the articulations are 

 more or less fused and rudimentary. 



