QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 53 



The fibrocaxtilage in the lumbosacral artieulation is very thick 

 and the transverse processes of the last lumbar articulates with the 

 external angles of the sacrum. The fifth and sixth lumbar also 

 articulate between their transverse processes. 



The movements of the spinal column are those of flexion, exten- 

 sion and lateral. These movements are quite free in the cervical 

 region but restricted elsewhere. 

 Describe the ligamentum nuchas, particularly as to its origin, distribu- 

 tion and function. 



The ligamentum nuchas is composed of two portions, viz., a 

 funicular portion, from the first dorsal spinous process to the sum- 

 mit of the head, and a lamellar portion which extends between the 

 spinous processes of the second dorsal and the last six cervical 

 vertebrae. 



Function : It acts as a stay and support to the head and main- 

 tains the head and neck in a natural position during repose. 



What forms and kinds of costochondral and costosternal joints in the 



horse and the ox hinder or favor free breathing in the 



recumbent position? 



The costochondral in the horse are synarthrodial and hinder, but 



in the ox they are true gingymoid diarthroses and hence favor free 



breathing. The costosternal in both the horse and the ox are 



diarthrodial, but have a gliding movement only, hence they hinder 



free breathing in the recumbent position. 



Describe the shoulder-joint. 



The scapulohumeral articulation is an enarthrodial, or ball-and- 

 socket joint, which is formed by the head of the humerus and the 

 glenoid cavity of the scapula. 



Ligaments : A rudimentary glenoid ligament which deepens the 

 cavity; a capsular ligament, extending from the margins of the 

 cavity to the neck of the humerus; two supporting fasciculi from 

 the coracoid process to the head of the humerus. 



The muscles in relation to the joint are : 



1. In front, coraeoradial. 



2. Behind, large extensor of the forearm and teres minor. 



3. Outside, short abductor of the arm and postea spinatus. 



4. Inside, subscapularis. 



Action: Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, rotation and 

 circumduction. 



Name and describe the ligaments of the elbow-joint. 



An anterior, from the humerus above the articular surface to 

 the anterior part of the radius. 



