56 VETERINARY STATE BOARD 



Describe the hip-joint. 



The coxofemoral articulation is an enarthrodial, or ball-and- 

 socket, joint between the cotyloid cavity of the os innominata and 

 the head of the femur. 



Ligaments : Capsular, extending from the margins of the coty- 

 loid cavity to the neck of the femur; a transverse, converting the 

 notch into a foramen; a cotyloid which deepens the cavity; a coxo- 

 femoral (ligamentum teres), from the bottom of the cotyloid cavity 

 to the depression in the head of the femur ; a pubiof emoral, from the 

 inferior face of the pelvis to the cotyloid cavity ; a synovial mem- 

 brane which is very extensive. 



Muscles in relation to the joint are, anteriorly, the gracilis and 

 rectus ; posteriorly, the gemelli, internal obturator and pyramidalis ; 

 inferiorly, the external obturator; and superiorly, the small gluteus. 



State the difference between the hip-joint of the horse and that of 

 the ox. 



See answer to preceding question. 



The pubofemoral ligament is absent in the ox, which permits of 

 greater freedom to movements of abduction. 



Describe the femorotibial articulation. 



A diarthrodial type of joint, between the femur, tibia and 

 patella. 



Ligaments: An anterior, made of three strong fasciculi from 

 the patella to the anterior surface of the tibia; the antepatellar 

 aponeurosis, which is an expansion of the fascia lata, binds the 

 patella to the femur by two lateral fasciculi; an external lateral, 

 from the external condyle to the head of the fibula ; an internal lat- 

 eral, from the inner condyle to the inner tibial tuberosity; a pos- 

 terior, from the posterior face of the femur to the tibia ; two crucial, 

 or interosseous, from the intercondyloid notch to the tibial spine, 

 crossing in the centre, forming an X ; two Interarticular fibrocarti- 

 lages (menisci), attached to the tibial spine and by fasciculi to the 

 femur and tibia; a synovial membrane in two portions, one under 

 the patella and the other under the lateral ligaments. 



Action: Flexion, extension and rotation. 



Name the various articulations of the tarsal joint. 



Tibiotarsal, calcaneo-astragaloid, second row of tarsus with each 

 other, two rows of tarsus with each other, and tarsometatarsal. 



Describe the calcaneocuboid ligament. 



A strong fibrous brace which unites the posterior border of the 

 calcis to the cuboides and to the head of the external rudimentary 



