114 VETERINARY STATE BOARD 



Give in full the functions of the lungs. 



Medium of interchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between 

 the air and blood. 



Name (a) two inspiratory muscles, (b) two expiratory muscles. What 

 is the normal stimulus to the action of these muscles? 



(a) Diaphragm and external intereostals. 



(b) Abdominal and internal intereostals. 



Inspiration is presided over by a centre in the medulla. Ex- 

 piration is thought to be a purely passive act. 



Discuss the absorption of gas by fluids. 



If the atmosphere, containing a mixture of gases, be exposed over 

 a fluid containing some of these gases dissolved in it, it is found 

 that if the proportion of dissolved gases in the fluid is less than 

 their proportion in the atmosphere, the latter pass into the fluid 

 until the amounts in air and fluid are equal. Likewise, if the 

 fluid contains more dissolved gas than the atmosphere, gas will pass 

 from the flmd to the air above until the amounts are equal. This 

 is a process of diffusion. 



Define tidal air and residual air. 



Tidal air is the air breathed in and out in an ordinary respiration. 

 Residual air is that which always remains after a forced expiration. 



Give the normal number of respirations per minute in (a) the horse, 

 (b) the ox, (c) the sheep, (d) the hog, (e) the dog. 



(a) 8-16; (b) 12-15; (c) 12-20; (d) 10-15; (e) 15-20. 



What is the ratio of respirations to the pulse beats? 

 About 1 : 4. 



Describe the lining of the bronchial tubes, touching on epithelium and 

 glands. 

 The bronchi are lined with mucous membrane composed of 

 ciliated epithelium and containing mucous glands. 



What is the meaning of each of the following: (a) eupncEa, (b) hy- 

 perpncea, (c) dyspnoea, (d) apnoea? 



(a) Easy or normal respiration. 



(b) Moderate increase in the respiratory movements, 

 (e) Difficult or labored breathing. 



(d) Transient cessation of breathing following a forced respira- 

 tion. 



