144 VETERINAEY STATE BOARD 



Define cedema and give its causes. 



(Edema is an infiltration of the tissues and serous cavities with 

 a serous fluid, lymph. Causes: obstructions to the circulation of 

 the blood or lymph, anaemia, changes in blood-vessel walls, dis- 

 turbances of metabolism. 



Define (a) anasarca, and (b) calcification. 



(a) Anasarca is a serous infiltration (oedema) of the super- 

 ficial portions of the body. 



(b) Calcification is a hardening of the tissues due to the deposits 

 therein of granular masses of lime salts, particularly phosphates. 



Inflammation 

 Define inflammation. 



Inflammation is the phenomena of tissue-reaction to injury. 



Describe the process of inflammation. Give the four cardinal symptoms 

 of inflammation. 



Following injury to the tissue, there is an increased flow of blood 

 to the part ; then occurs changes in the vascular walls, exudation of 

 serum, diapedesis of leucocytes, and proliferation of the connective- 

 tissue cells. This may be followed by subsidence of the hypersemia, 

 regeneration, suppuration, necrosis or some other form of degener- 

 ation. 



Cardinal symptoms of inflammation are: redness, heat, pain 

 and swelling, •*■ A-if^'-Vti fc~*^"t-ve>-. . 



State the pathologic blood and tissue changes in inflammation. 



See answer to preceding question. 



What is productive inflammation? 



Productive inflammation is a hyperplastic formation of con- 

 nective tissue occurring in chronic inflammation. It is seen on 

 serous surfaces and in certain organs as bone, liver, kidney, lung, 

 etc. 



Define (a) abscess, (b) ulcer, (c) fistula. 



(a) A circumscribed collection of pus in the substance of a 

 part or organ, usually formed by the disintegration of tissue. 



(b) An open suppurating wound accompanied by tissue 

 destruction. 



(c) A suppurating duct-like cavity extending into the tissues. 



Name four inflammatory exudates. 

 Serum, fibrin, pus and blood. 



