QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 147 



What is leucoc5M:osis? Enumerate the diseases with their stages in 

 which leucocytosis may be expected. 

 Leucocytosis is a temporary increase in the number of leucocytes 

 in the blood. It occurs in : 



Pneumonia, variola (suppurative stage), pysmia, septicaemia, 

 actinomycosis, trichinosis, glanders, articular rheumatism (acute), 

 cerebrospinal meningitis (suppurative stage), endometritis, peri- 

 carditis, peritonitis, pleurisy, erysipelas, dermatitis, gangrenous 

 conditions, abscesses of all kinds and situations, etc. 



State the relation of leucocytosis to phagocytosis. How may phago- 

 cytosis be stimulated? 

 Phagocytosis is accomplished principally by leucocytes, there- 

 fore leucocytosis greatly augments phagocytic activity. 



Phagocytosis may be stimulated by injecting products of bac- 

 terial growth into an animal. 



Define leukaemia and ischaemia. 



Leukaemia, same as leucocythsemia. See above. 

 Ischsemia is a local anaemia. 



State the difference between an ante-mortem and a post-mortem blood- 

 clot such as is found in the blood. 

 An ante-mortem clot is a yellowish translucent mass resembling 

 chicken fat, clotting occurred slowly. A post-mortem clot is a 

 dark-red, homogeneous, gelatinous mass; the blood coagulated 

 quickly before the red blood-corpuscles had time to settle. 



Bones and Joints 



Describe the reparative process of a fractured long bone. 



At first hemorrhage occurs in the marrow and at the line of 

 fracture, then occurs hyperemia and cellular infiltration of the 

 periosteum, marrow and bone; cell division and proliferation of 

 the marrow, periosteum and vascular endothelium; deposition of 

 calcium salts and formation of bone and cartilage. The name 

 callus is applied to the new-formed tissue, and is distinguished as 

 periosteal and myelogenous. 



Give the pathology of osteoporosis. 



The bones, especially those of the lower jaw, are thickened. The 

 bones of the extremities and articulations are often enlarged. In 

 some cases the articular cartilages become ulcerated. The bony 

 cortex is thin, spongy, brittle and easily fractured. There is an 

 increase in the vascular and fibrous tissues without any increase 



