QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 185 



State the more common causes of urinary cystitis. Give diagnosis and 

 treatment. 



Causes: Diuretics, retention of urine, infection, calculi, para- 

 sites, unclean catheter, adjacent inflammation. 



Diagnosis: Cloudy urine, containing shreds of mucous mem- 

 branes, pus cells, blood and triple phosphates and of an alkaline 

 reaction ; painful urination ; bladder-walls tender and thickened. 



Treatment: Disinfect bladder by irrigating with a 3 per cent, 

 solution of boric acid and methylene blue internally. Give an abun- 

 dance of pure water. Surgically remove calculi. 



Give the symptoms and treatment of uraemic poisoningf in the dog. 



Occurs usually in connection with acute or chronic nephritis j 

 dulness, chiU, high fever, vomiting, convulsions, paralysis, Cheyne- 

 Stokes breathing, coma and death. Uriniferous odor to the skin. 



Treatment: Venesection followed by infusion of normal saline 

 solution. Withdraw urine and produce sweating with pilocarpus. 

 Move bowels ; control convulsions with bromides. 



Give the common causes and the treatment for acute nephritis. 



Occurs most commonly as a secondary disease. May be caused by 

 cold, drugs, such as arsenic, phosphorus, etc., irritant diiu-etics, 

 toxins from specific fevers, infection, suppression of the urine, 

 calculi, etc. 



Treatment: Relieve the* kidneys as much as possible by giving 

 diaphoretics and purges. Give urinary antiseptics as methylene 

 blue and quiet pain with bromides or chloral hydrate. 



What are the causes of polyuria? How treated? 



Chronic interstitial nephritis, tumors of the brain, nervous dis- 

 orders, mouldy feeds, diuretic drugs, cold, habitual constipation, 

 suppression of perspiration. 



Treatment : Remove cause, change food, open bowels ; drugs are 

 useless in most cases. 



What are the different steps in the examination of the urine? 



A. Macroscopical : Determine quantity, color, transparency, 

 consistency, odor and specific gravity. 



B. Chemical: Reaction, albumin, indican, bile pigments and 



sugar. 



C. Microscopical : Centrifuge unfiltered urine and examine sedi- 

 ment under the microscope for casts, epithelial cells, blood-cells, 

 pus-cells and unorganized sediments (uric acid crystals, etc.). 



