186 VETERINARY STATE. BOARD 



In what conditions do we find albuminuria? 



Nephritis, orgaxiic heart disease, emphysema, fevers, pneumonia, 

 diabetes, anaemia, leukaemia, hydraemia, haematuria, haemoglobinuria, 

 pregnancy. Often occurs in small amounts in healthy individuals. 



Give causes and treatment for haematuria. 



Nephritis, injuries to the kidneys, irritant plants with diuretic 

 principle, certain drugs, wounds and inflammation of the bladder, 

 calculi, urethritis and infectious diseases as anthrax and Texas 

 fever are among the common causes. 



Treatment: Determine the cause and remove it. Give urinary 

 antiseptics as methylene blue, balsam copaiba, etc. ; remove calculi, 

 irrigate bladder with boric acid solution. 



Diseases of the CiecuIiATOey Oegans 



Describe the symptoms of pericarditis in the bovine species. 



Usually of traumatic origin. Digestive disturbances, sensitive- 

 ness to pressure in the region of the reticulum, tympany of rumen 

 after meals, hurried breathing, groaning, irregular pulse, friction 

 sounds synchronous with the heart-beat followed later by splashing 

 or metallic tinkling sound ; dropsical swellings in the dew-lap and 

 sides of sternum ; pleurisy and pneumonia may complicate matters. 



State the usual causes (dietetic and anatomic) of traumatic pericar- 

 ditis in cattle and goats. Give prevention and treatment. 



Anatomically, the reticulum, into which most foreign bodies are 

 passed, lies against the diaphragm. On expiration and during 

 rumination, the diaphragm is brought in contact with the pericar- 

 dium and the sharp objects are thus directed into the latter. 



Dietetic causes: Ruminants swallow food with little masti- 

 cation ; pins, needles, hay-wire, pieces of tin, etc., if in the feed, are 

 readily swallowed. 



Prevention: Avoid the presence of foreign bodies in the feed. 

 Cut hay-wires in the middle instead of near the joints. 



Treatment : Generally useless ; give laxatives ; stand animal with 

 front parts elevated. Surgically remove the offending object 

 through the rumen or chest wall. 



Give causes and symptoms of insufficiency of the cardiac valves, 



auriculoventricular and semilunar. 



Insufficiency may be caused by endocarditis which leaves the 



valves thickened and rigid ; cardiac hypertrophy, tumors, parasites, 



aneurism of aorta near the heart; overexertion may injure the 



valves. 



