190 VBTERINAEY STATE BOARD 



Give cause, symptoms and treatment of gapes in fowls. 



Cause : This disease is due to the presence of the parasite, synga- 

 mus traehealis, in the trachea. 



Symptoms: The bird gapes, sneezes, coughs and discharges 

 mucus, which often contains the worm, from the mouth; dulness, 

 drooping of wings, inappetency. Worms may be seen in the trachea. 



Treatment: Remove the worm with forceps or a loop of horse 

 hair. 



State the immediate and the remote causes of acute pulmonary conges- 

 tion. Give the treatment. 

 The immediate cause is a rush of blood to the lungs. Remote 

 causes are: fat, plethoric condition; sudden chilling; infectious 

 diseases; overfeeding; hot weather; heart diseases and venous 

 stasis. 



Treatment: Venesection, counter-irritation over thorax and 

 friction to extremities; heart stimulants, plenty of fresh air. 

 Usually terminates in pneumonia or recovery in 24 hours. 



Give the distinctive symptoms of bronchitis, pneumonia and pleurisy, 

 respectively, in the early and fully developed stages. 



Early stages: Bronchitis, dry hard cough, normal percussion 

 sound, bilateral, sibilant rales and dyspncea. Pneumonia (pulmon- 

 ary congestion), restrained cough, increased resonance on percus- 

 sion, unilateral crepitant rales, dyspnoea more marked. Pleurisy, 

 painful cough, tenderness to percussion, bilateral friction sounds, 

 pleuritic ridge, high temperature. 



Fully developed stages: Bronchitis, resonance on percussion, 

 mucous rales, temperature high. Pneumonia, dulness on percus- 

 sion, absence of vesicular murmur, temperature high throughout the 

 attack. Pleurisy, temperature lower, flatness on percussion bounded 

 by a horizontal line, increased resonance above. Tenderness on 

 percussion. 



Give the symptoms of gangrene of the lungs. 



Rapid respiration, moist rales, purulent nasal discharge contain- 

 ing shreds of necrotic tissue, fetid odor to breath, high fever, rapid 

 weak pulse and great prostration. 



Give the symptoms, course and treatment of acute diffused pleuritis. 

 Chill, fever, hard pulse; rapid, shallow breathing, patient re- 

 mains standing, pleuritic ridge, suppressed cough, tenderness in 

 the intercostal region, groaning when turned sharply, friction 

 sounds. Later, there appears a horizontal line of dulness, splashing 



