212 VETEEINARY STATE BOARD 



Non-malignant tumors have a central growth, push the tissues 

 aside and are usually encapsulated. They do not spread by metas- 

 tasis and are only harmful when by reason of size or location they 

 interfere with the body functions. 



Give the prognosis and the treatment of epithelioma of the tongue. 



Prognosis: Favorable if situated on the anterior extremity. If 

 on the base, it is best to slaughter. 



Treatment. Amputate all of the diseased part and treat the 

 wound antiseptically. 



CONCREMENTS 



What is a calculus? Name the different varieties of calculi and state 

 where each variety is found. 

 A calculus is an abnormal concretion occurring within the ani- 

 mal body and usually composed of mineral salts. 



1. Urinary: Found in the kidney (renal), in the bladder 

 (cystic), and in the urethra (urethral). 



2. Intestinal : Found in the large intestines and rectum. 



3. Salivary : Found in Steno 's duct. 



4. Chondroids, or arthritic calculi : Found in joints and tendon- 

 sheaths, mucous bursas, and in the guttural pouches. 



5. Milk : Pound in the milk-cisterns and teats. 



6. Preputial : Found in the preputial sac of the horse, commonly 

 called "bean." 



Hernia and Peolapse 



Define (a) hernia, (b) prolapse. 



(a) The passage of viscera from body-cavities without an injury 

 to the skin or mucous membrane ; the viscera protrude through an 

 abnormal opening. 



(b) The free passage of viscera through natural or artificial 

 body-openings without a covering of the skin or mucous membrane. 



Classify hernia according to (a)' condition, (b) situation. 



(a) Reducible and irreducible. 



(b) Umbilical, inguinal, scrotal, ventral, femoral, perineal, rec- 

 tal, vaginal, diaphragmatic, and hernia of the flank. 



Bones 



Define (a) ostitis, (b) periostitis, (c) osteomyelitis. 



(a) Inflammation of a bone, especially of the Haversian spaces, 

 canals, and their branches. 



