QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 223 



Head and Neck 

 Define (a) gleet, (b) epistaxis. 



(a) Chronic nasal catarrh characterized by a thick, purulent 

 discharge, ulcers in the nasal cavity, bulging of the sinuses and 

 enlargement of the submaxillary lymph-glands. 



(b) Bleeding from the nose. 



Give the causes and the treatment of bleeding from the nose. 



Causes: Traumatisms, diseases of the mucous membrane as in 

 glanders, gleet, etc., tumor formation, fracture of nasal bones, severe 

 exertion. 



Treatment: Remove cause, irrigate the nasal cavity with cold 

 water to which may be added some astringent agents, as tannin, 

 aluminum sulphate, zinc sulphate, etc. Spray the cavity with adre- 

 nalin chloride. Plug the nostrils with cotton and keep the head 

 elevated. Slight, and often severe, hemorrhage will often stop with- 

 out any measures being employed for its control. 



What diseases of the facial sinuses require surgical interference? 



Empyaemia, diseased teeth, tumors and foreign bodies, necrosis 

 of the bony and cartilaginous walls. 



Give the surgical technic of trephining the frontal sinuses. 



Operate on the standing animal with the aid of local anaesthesia. 

 Shave and disinfect the region of the frontal bone on a level with 

 the superior border of the orbital cavity and about 1 cm. from the 

 median line of the face. Make a circular incision of the desired 

 size through the skin, subcutem and periosteum, and remove the 

 encircled mass by separating the periosteum from the bone with 

 the scalpel. Place the trephine perpendicular to the bone and drill 

 until the centre bony plate loosens, then pry out the disc of bone. 



Give the treatment of pus in the nasal sinuses. 



The trephining is carried out in the manner described in the 

 preceding answer. The point of operation may be at any point, 

 immediately against the median line from the level of the upper limit 

 of the superior maxillary sinus to the upper extremity of the false 

 nostril. Great care must be taken to avoid trephining too deeply 

 and injuring the turbinated bones which lie close to the nasal bone. 

 Dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide can now be injected and 

 followed by a thorough irrigation with sterile water. This irrigation 

 should be repeated daily until suppuration ceases. 



Give the ssrmptoms and the treatment of nasal polypus. 



Symptoms : Stenosis of the nasal passages, dyspnoea, chronic uni- 

 lateral catarrh ; in ulcerative degeneration, an ichorous, fetid, occa- 



