QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 225 



Fermentation occurs and acids are formed which attack the tooth 

 structure. 



Treatment : Extraction of the affected tooth. It may be neces- 

 sary to trephine and punch the tooth out. 



Give the causes and the treatment of stomatitis. 



Causes: Wounds from sharp teeth, the bit and foreign bodies; 

 infection, chemicals and hot foods. 



Treatment : Remove the cause ; file off sharp enamel points ; use 

 an astringent, antiseptic mouth wash; cauterize ulcers with lunar 

 caustic or paint with tincture of iodine. Provide plenty of fresh 

 water; cleanse the mouth after each meal. 



Describe the appearance of a horse's mouth at the age of (a) two 

 years, (b) three years, (c) five years. 



(a) The inferior dental arch is levelled at the nippers and 

 intermediate milk-teeth. The superior nippers stand out from the 

 gums and behind them is found a moderately sensitive swelling which 

 is due to the pressure of the permanent teeth on the gums of the 

 palatine arch. 



(b) The permanent nippers, above and below, are level with the 

 temporary intermediates and corner teeth. 



(c) The mouth is complete, "full-mouth," i.e., all the per- 

 manent teeth have reached the same level. The anterior borders of 

 the corners are in wear but the posterior borders are not. 



Describe the appearance of the mouth of a horse at the age of (a) seven 

 years, (b) eight years, (c) fourteen years. 



(a) Notch on the posterior border of the superior corner teeth. 

 The nippers are oval in shape and the intermediates are becoming 

 so. The cups are worn out of the inferior nippers and nearly out of 

 the intermediates. 



(b) The intermediates are oval and show a triangular-shaped 

 central enamel. The corners are worn and show their central enamel 

 somewhat concave. The cups are nearly worn out of the inferior 

 comers. 



(c) The nippers are becoming triangular. The intermediates 

 and corners remain rounded. The transverse arch of the teeth 

 becomes narrower. 



Describe the appearance of the mouth of the horse at the age of (a)' 



six years, (b) ten years, (c) twelve years, (d) fifteen years. 



(a) The nippers are worn and the cups of the inferior pair are 



worn out. The intermediates are becoming worn and the comers 



are on a level with them, showing their anterior borders worn down. 



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