QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 233 



stone as a firm, hard substance. In mares, it can be felt by passing 

 a finger through the urethra. 



Perform urethrotomy at the ischial notch. Extract the stone 

 ■with lithotomy forceps. If the stone is too large to be removed 

 entire, lithotripsy (crushing of the stone within the bladder) must 

 be performed, and if this fails, dilate the neck of the bladder with 

 the lithotome. In mares, the stone can often be removed through 

 the normal urethral opening (cystic calculi are rare in the mare). 



Give causes, symptoms and treatment of paralysis of the bladder in 

 the horse and in the dog. 



Causes : Retention of urine, due to calculi, causes overdistention 

 and paralysis. Haemoglobinuria, spinal lesions and enlarged 

 prostates. 



Symptoms: Urine discharged in small quantities when the de- 

 trusor muscle alone is paralyzed. If the sphincter muscle is para- 

 lyzed, an involuntary discharge of urine occurs, especially when 

 the abdominal muscles are contracted as in defecation. 



Treatment: Unsatisfactory. Catheterize frequently in case of 

 great distention due to paralysis of the detrusor muscle. Give tonics 

 such as strychnine and arsenic. 



Give the treatment of prolapse of the urinary bladder in the mare. 



Carefully cleanse, disinfect and replace the viscus. Suture the 

 wound in the vagina if possible. Prevent straining and recurrence 

 by injecting lukewarm water into the replaced bladder (local anaes- 

 thetics could be used in the water), and administer sedative. 



Give the cause, symptoms and treatment of rupture of the bladder. 



Causes: Overdistention, injuries by the catheter, calculi, etc. 



Symptoms : Absence of urination ; urinif erous odor to the skin, 

 peritonitis and death soon follows. 



Treatment : Useless. Might attempt laparotomy and suture the 

 rent in the bladder-waU. Remove the obstruction causing overdis- 

 tention and rupture. 



Describe the operation of passing a catheter in (a) the gelding, (b) 

 the mare, (c) the coW, (d) the steer, 

 (a) Wash and disinfect the external parts. Grasp the penis 

 firmly and pass a sterilized catheter, lubricated with carbolized 

 vaseline, gently upward until an assistant feels it approaching the 

 ischial notch. It is then guided forward into the bladder. If a 

 soft-rubber catheter is used, no assistant will be necessary. 



