270 VETERINARY STATE BOARD 



approaches. Harsh or cruel treatment and surgical operations 

 should be avoided if possible. Avoid, also, strong medicines such 

 as drastic purgatives, powerful narcotics, etc. The milking period 

 of cows should be limited to seven or seven and one-half months, 

 to allow the foetus more nutritive material for its perfect develop- 

 ment. 



Name the principal signs of pregnancy. 



Absence of estrum, enlargement of abdomen, enlargement of the 

 mammffi, feeling of the foetus per rectum, per vaginam, or through 

 the abdominal wall, auscultation of the fetal heart-beat, and observ- 

 ing the movements of the living foetus. 



Describe (a) ovarian gestation, (b) tubal gestation, (c) abdominal 

 gestation. 



(a) Ovarian gestation is rare. Apparently it is due to a failure 

 of the ovum to escape when the ovisac ruptures. The spermatozoa 

 passes up the oviduct and impregnates the ovum which then pro- 

 ceeds to develop, as in normal gestation. 



(b) Impregnation occurs in the oviduct. The ovum becomes 

 attached to the walls of the duct and development proceeds. When 

 the foetus attains a sufficient size, the oviduct ruptures and fatal 

 hemorrhage may ensue, or the foetus may become attached to or 

 imbedded in the peritoneal surface, and continue to develop. 



(c) Abdominal gestation may follow rupture of the gravid 

 uterus or the ovum may fall into the abdominal cavity, following 

 rupture of the ovisac, and become impregnated there. The foetus 

 becomes attached to the abdominal walls or some of the viscera and 

 the fetal membranes closely invest the fetal body. 



Describe extra-uterine pregnancy. 



Extra-uterine pregnancy is the existence, for a greater or less 

 period of time, of a living oviun outside of the uterine cavity, but 

 within the abdominal cavity. (See answer to preceding question.) 



How are the varieties of extra-uterine pregnancy commonly desig- 

 nated? 

 Ovarian, tubal and abdominal gestation. (See explanation 

 above.) 



What are the effects of indigestion on pregnant animals? 



Tympanites, constipation and diarrhoea usually accompany in- 

 digestion. These conditions tend to produce abortion through press- 

 ure, straining and reflexly, respectively. Furthermore, indigestion 



