Propagation by Grafting. 203 
The more intimate the contact of the cambium of the parts 
brought together, and the less injury their cells sustain in 
adjusting them, the more likely are they to unite. 
Although the tissues of two plants of differing character 
often unite in grafting, each of the united parts almost 
always retains its individual character. For example, if 
one or more buds of the Ben Davis apple are caused to unite 
by grafting with the stem of a Baldwin apple, the parts that 
grow thereafter from the Ben Davis buds, though nourished 
by sap that has passed through the Baldwin roots and stem, 
with rare excepfions, continue to be Ben Davis, while the 
parts that grow from the Baldwin stock continue to be Bald- 
win. To this fact is due the chief value of grafting, viz., 
it enables us to change the character of a plant (384a). 
The plant that it is desired to change by grafting is called 
the stock, and the part designed to be united to the stock is 
called the graft, cion (scion) (386) or bud (394). 
384. Objects of Grafting. Grafting enables us 
a—To change a plant of an undesirable variety into one 
or more desirable ones; 
b—To preserve and multiply plants of varieties that can- 
not be preserved or multiplied by growing them from their 
seeds; 
c— To hasten the flowering or fruiting of seedlings grown 
with a view to improving varieties; 
d—To change the size of trees, as to make them more 
dwarf; 
e — To restore lost or defective branches; 
f — To adapt varieties to special soils; 
g—To save girdled trees. 
385. The Plants that Unite by Grafting. Plants of 
different varieties of the same species (21) almost always 
