210 
Principles of Plant Culture. 
bud beyond the end of the stock. The wedge-shaped cut is 
usually made “about one inch long, and the cion should be 
Fie. 111. Grafting 
chizel, for making the 
cleft in cleft-grafting. 
The point at the right 
is for holding the cleft 
open during insertion 
of cions. The projec- 
tion above is for driv- 
jing the point in or out, 
one-fifth natural size. 
to the top of the 
trunk. 
Branches ex- 
ceeding three in- 
ches in diameter 
should not be 
grafted, asa rule. 
inserted into the cleft as far as the 
length of the wedge, after which 
all the wounded surfaces, including 
the distal end of the cion, should 
be coated with grafting-wax (387). 
Cleft-grafting is most used in 
top-grafting old trees. Four to six 
of the main branches, located as 
nearly equi-distant as 
possible (Fig. 115), are 
selected for grafting, 
and it is desirable to 
graft these rather near 
Fic, 112. 
Fig 112. Cion shaped ready for insertion in cleft. 
(After Bailey). 
Fig. 1138. Cions inserted in cleft, ready for waxing. 
Fig. 114. Cross section of Fig. 113. (After Maynard). 
C, cambium layer of stock; C’, cambium layer of cion. 
The cambium layers of the outer edge of thecion should 
form a contiguous line with that of the stock. Thecion 
is made a little thinner at its inner edge to permit the 
pressure of the stock to be exerted at the outer edge. 
Fic. 113 Fiu. 114. 
About half of the top of the tree should be cut away just 
before the grafting, leaving some branches to utilize a part 
of the sap. The more or less horizontal branches should 
generally be selected for grafting, and in these, the cleft 
