212 Principles of Plant Culture. 
making a long vertical cut and a short transverse cut at 
the base, and to this cut surface the cion is carefully fitted, 
and bound with raffia. This method is called veneer-grafting. 
b— A sloping cut is made rather deeply into the sapwood 
of the stock, into which the cion, after being tapered at its 
base to the form of a wedge, is inserted (Fig. 117), and the 
parts are then held closely together by binding with raffia. 
This method is generally employed in herbaceous grafting, a8 
with the potato, tomato etc. It is also much used in grafting 
evergreens under glass, and occasionally in grafting out- 
door nursery trees. In the latter case, a coating of grafting 
wax is usually substituted for the tying. 
c— A short, transverse incision is made, and immediately 
below this, a somewhat longer, vertical cut; the two cuts, 
which are just deep enough to reach through the bark, 
forming a T (Fig. 120). The cion is then cut off with a long, 
sloping cut, and the point inserted, the cut surface inward, 
beneath the two lips of bark formed by the T-cut, after which 
the cion is crowded downward until its cut surface is in con- 
tact with the cambium layer of the stock, when the juncture 
is bound with raffia. 
394. Budding is now extensively employed in prop- 
agating fruit trees, roses and the varieties of deciduous, or- 
namental trees and shrubs. A (usually dormant) leaf-bud, 
with a small portion of surrounding bark (Fig. 119), is 
placed in contact with the cambium layer of the stock. 
Budding may be successful whenever the cells of the cam- 
bium layer are in a state of active division, as indicated by 
the ready separation of the bark from the wood. In climates 
having severe winters, budding is most satisfactory when 
performed near the latter end of the growing season, and 
with fully-matured buds, in order that the buds may not 
