220 Principles of Plant Culture. 
etc., grown thickly in the seed-bed, are often pulled from 
the soil with the hands. In this case, the soil of the bed 
should first be saturated with water, in order that the roots 
muy be broken as little as possible, and may come up with 
more or less adbering soil. It is generally preferable to 
grow such plants in drills, rather than ‘‘ broadcast.” This 
will enable them to be drawn from the soil with less damage 
to their roots. 
Trees and shrubs sufficiently grown for their final plant- 
ing out should be more carefully handled. If it is neces- 
sary to cut: off the main roots, the farther from the trunk 
this is done, the better for the tree, and the spade used 
should be kept as sharp as possible. The roots should not be 
barked, mangled or split by the digging tools, as is so often 
done with nursery stock, When possible, one person should 
lift on the tree or shrub, while another removes the earth 
from about the roots. Tree-digging machines are now much 
used by the larger nurserymen. 
403. Lifting Large Trees. Trees considerably larger 
than nursery sizes are best lifted when the ground is frozen 
about their roots. A trench may be dug about the tree, 
deep enough to permit the severing of the main roots, before 
the ground freezes, and a hole for the reception of the 
cylinder of earth left within the trench should also be dug 
at the place to which it is desired to remove the tree. This 
cylinder should be large enough so that the tree is left with 
abundant roots, or as large as can be removed with the ap- 
paratus at hand. When the ground is frozen to the proper 
depth, the tree may be tipped over by means of a rope and 
windlass, after which the cylinder of earth inclosing the roots 
may be pried up sufficiently to allow some low vehicle to be 
