46 LAWS OF FLORAL STRUCTURE 



59 and 60). In this case the outer surface of its cup may be mistaken 

 for that of an adherent calyx. The enclosed portion of the calyx really 

 is adherent, but it is not visible, since it is enclosed and concealed by the 

 hollow torus, which is known as a Hypanthium. It is often extremely 

 difficult to distinguish between a simple adherent calyx and a hypan- 

 thium, and good botanists frequently disagree in particular cases. 



Perigyny. — The insertion of a corolla or an androecium which is 

 adherent to a free calyx, as in the cherry (Fig. 58), or of an androecium 

 adherent to a free corolla, as in the Phlox (Fig. 57), is denominated 

 Perigynous. 



Hypogyny. — Organs which are not in any way adherent are denom- 

 inated Free, and because their insertion is manifestly upon the torus 

 underneath the gynaecium, they are said to be Hypogynous (Fig. 47). 



Gynandry. — With the stamens adnate to the pistil the flower is said 

 to be Gynandrous (Fig. 54). The body thus formed of the united 

 androecium and gynaecium is technically known as the Column. (See 

 also "Stamen-column.") A peculiar form of gynandry is common 

 among the relatives of the Apocynum (Fig. 55). 



Law 5. — Each part preserves its own function and a characteristic form. 

 The forms agreeing with this law correspond in general with those 

 which have been indicated in our account of the flower. Deviations 

 from it are caused by Metamorphosis, Enation, resulting in the true 

 appendaging of an organ, the very similar process of exaggeration in 

 the growth of a part, retardation in its growth, or its suppression or 

 abortion. With the exception of the first, the results of these processes 

 will be discussed under the details of the respective parts. 



Metamorphosis is the simulation in form or function, or both, of one 

 organ by another. The rose, which normally has but five petals (Fig. 

 60), is seen under cultivation to consist of a dense mass of them, in 

 many circles, becoming a so-called "double" flower. An examination 

 of the inner petals of such a flower (Fig. 59) discloses that they are 

 successively smaller and more stamen-like as they stand nearer the 

 stamens, indicating their origin through the metamorphosis of the 

 latter, which are fewer in proportion as the petals are more numerous. 

 In another form of the rose, the " Green Rose," the petals in turn appear 

 transformed into leaves or leaf-like bodies. Such accidental or artificial 

 deviations from the normal type are called Monstrosities. The sepals 

 also frequently present a leafy appearance, sometimes as an abnormality 

 but in most species habitually. Even the stamens and carpels fre- 

 quently display the latter abnormality. 



