INTERNAL INDICATIONS 



75 



quently appears so, in the fruit. If cohesion is partial, even though so 

 nearly complete as to leave a separation represented by a mere lobing 

 at apex (Fig. 216) or dorsum (Figs. 217 and 218), the determination 

 of the number of its carpels is not difficult. It is true that the latter 

 condition is often complicated by grooving or pseudo-lobing pertaining 

 to the backs of the individual carpels, but such grooves are usually 

 characteristically different from those separating the carpels. While 

 the above remarks have been applied especially to the ovary, they may 

 be applied with equal force to the styles and stigmas. If the exterior 

 of the ovary bear no indications of the number of carpels, we may 

 count the styles, or the divisions or apical or dorsal lobes of a style 

 column, and if those be wanting, then the stigmas or the corresponding 

 characters of the stigma. It must be noted, however, that complete 



Fig. 216. Ovary of Modiola, the lobes of the summit indicating the carpels. 217. The same shown 

 by lateral lobing in Pentapanax. 218. The same in Tetraplasandra. 



or partial chorisis of style or stigma is not at all rare, and care must be 

 taken to avoid falling into error, by counting mere parts as styles or 

 stigmas. In such case the number of lobes of each is apt to equal 

 the number of styles or stigmas. 



Internal Indications. — In the case of failure of all these indications to 

 appear, the internal structure must be studied. For this purpose both 

 longitudinal and transverse sections must be made. The former should 

 be so directed as to lay open the inside of a carpel, and of the latter 

 there should be three, through the lower, middle, and upper portions 

 respectively. In most cases a good lens will be sufficient to disclose 

 the characters, but when insufficient, recourse must be had to the 

 stage and low power of a compound microscope. Further details regard- 

 ing this process will be found in our chapter devoted especially to the 

 methods of floral dissection. 



