TRANSPORTATION OF THE FRUIT 



109 



similar awns are barbed and adhere very tightly to anything which 

 they may pierce. In the case of the burdock (Fig. 301) it is an involucre 

 which bears such hooks. Similar hooks are found upon the outer 

 wall of the ovary itself in many cases. Sometimes the style is recurved 

 at the apex, thus forming a terminal hook, while at others (Fig. 302) 

 the apex, after performing the stigmatic function, falls away, but leaves 

 a hooked lower joint to become effective in the fruit. The attachment 

 is not always thus secured by means of distinctively piercing appendages. 

 The surface may be rendered adhesive in other ways, as seen in the 

 minute structures covering the fruit of Desviodium. 



^<fJ 



doo: 



Fig. 2S6. Fruit of Pulsatilla, with plumose style. 287. Winged epicarp of Ulmus. 288. Of carrot. 

 289. Winged calyx of Rumex. 290. Of Piptoplera. 291. Winged petal of Zinnia. 292. Winged 

 bract of hop. 293. Plumose calyx limb of Valeriana. 294. Inflated pod of Cardiospermum. 295. 

 Winged alcene of Verbesi-na. 296. Winged legume of Platypodium. 297. Winged and hooked calyx 

 of Ruviex. 298. The same, hooked onlj'. 299. Winged legume of Pierocarpus. 300. Hooked calyx 

 of Bidens. 



Transportation through Edible Pericarps. — We shall next consider 

 another large class of fruits, which depend for their transportation upon 

 the possession of edible pericarps or edible portions of them. Such 

 fruits may be eaten with the contained seed, as in the case of the straw- 

 berry or small cherries, in which case transportation is effected during 

 the process of digestion of the pericarp; or, as in the case of the peach 

 and plum, the fruit may be too large for such process, depending for 

 transportation upon carriage by a parent to its young. In still other 

 cases they are of such a nature that they can be carried and stored for 



