EXAMINATION OF THE SEED 135 



to sustain it until able to manufacture such for itself. The distinction is 

 in the radically different modes of origin, and in structure, leading to 

 different powers of reproduction. 



Examination of the Seed. — In the examination of the seed for the 

 determination of the characters above defined, the most certain method 

 is the examination of transverse and longitudinal sections by the use 

 of the compound microscope, as will be explained in Part II of this 

 work. It is not difficult, however, to determine all the essential char- 

 acters of most seeds by the aid of an ordinary magnifying glass. The 

 superficial characters of the seed should first be examined in the dry 

 condition, after which it should be thoroughly soaked for a period 

 varying from a few hours to several days, or the preparation may be 

 hastened by gently boiling. Its superficial characters must be then 

 again examined and compared with those previously observed. Espe- 

 cially must the relative positions of chalaza, hilum, micropyle, and raphe 

 be accurately determined. A longitudinal incision is then to be made 

 along one side and the coats removed, separately if possible. The 

 examination of the testa, with the discovery of a much thickened line, 

 will sometimes disclose a raphe which was overlooked in the superficial 

 examination. In removing the (?oats, great care must be taken to avoid 

 wounding the nucellus. The position of the embryo with regard to the 

 albumin, if any, and its general form can now be readily ascertained. 

 The embryo should finally be removed and its several parts studied. 

 The most common error made by students is the mistaking of small 

 one-seeded fruits, such as mericarps, akenes, and nuculae, for seeds, with 

 the result that all of the parts and their relations are confused. The 

 substitution of such terms as conium-fruit, coriander-fruit, burdock- 

 fruit, and hemp-fruit for the incorrect terms "Conium-seed," etc., in 

 common use, should be encouraged by all educated pharmacists in 

 their daily business relations, as a correct idea of the nature of the parts 

 employed lies at the foundation of a proper understanding of their 

 composition and properties. 



