108 Schools of Forestry : Planting of Dmes. 



France: Nancy, Barres, and *Paris. (Institut Agronoinique.) 



Gekmany : Baden, *Carlsruhe ; Bavaria, AschafFenburg, and 

 *Muuich; Hesse-Darmstadt, *Giessen ; Prussia, Eberswalde and 

 MiJnden; Saxe-Weimar, Eisnach; Saxony, Tharand; Wurtemburg, 

 *Tubingen. 



Italy: Vallombrosa. 



Norway: At two or three places small elementary schools. 



Pmiugal: ^Lisbon. 



Russia: St. Petersburg, *Moscow, Lisino, and *Nova Alexandria 

 (Poland), besides a short course at six farm schools. 



Spain : Escorial. 



Sweden: Stockholm, and small schools at seven other places. 



Switzerland: ^Zurich. 



Turkey : Constantinople. 



424. These schools generally have forest gardens, laboratories, 



collections in natural history, and especially in Forestry, and special 



libraries connected with them. In Austria, several of them are 



supported by Forest Associations, composed of laud proprietors and 



others interested in Forestry. In many universities and polytechnic 



institutions. Forestry is incidentally taught as a part of their general 



course. 



Planting of Dunes. 



425. On certain coasts the sands thrown up by the waves are 

 drifted by the winds into hills, sometimes two hundred feet or more 

 in height and miles in widih, which are consta,ntly changing in 

 form, and gradually advancing inland. These drifting sands, by 

 closing the mouths of streams, generally cause a series of ponds 

 to be formed behind them, which may render the country sickly, as 

 well as the soil worthless from overflow. In various places on the 

 northern and western coast of France, villages and hamlets have been 

 buried by drifting sands, and considerable tracts of fertile land have 

 been thus overwhelmed.' The planting of these "dunes,'' and their 

 control, may be reckoned among the proudest achievements of 

 Forestry. 



426. In these exposed places, the plants need shelter in getting 

 started, and the first thing to be done is to compel the winds to 

 build a high and regular embankment for their protection. To se- 



^ We have nn example of these disasters at Grand Haven, Michigan, 

 where a raUroad station has been buried by drifting sands. 



