RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. 99 



Raspberry Beetle. — This small insect <grey or yellow, and 

 downy) lays its eggs in the flowers, and the weevils feed on 

 the fruit, afterwards spinning little cocoons on the canes. All 

 infested fruit and old canes should be burned. When the 

 flowers are opening, many of the beetles can be caught by 

 shaking the canes over freshly-tarred sacking. 



Raspberry-Stem Caterpillars. — The tiny moths ( brown ^ 

 with yellow spots) lay their eggs among the flowers. The 

 caterpillars feed on the leaves, and in autumn descend by 

 silken cords to the ground, where they hibernate, ascending 

 the plants again in spring, to bore into the young canes at a 

 bud. Cut off and burn any drooping shoots. In autumn and 

 winter turn the surface soil to expose the caterpillars to birds, 

 or bury it deeply. 



Raspberry Spot. — Small, red spdts appear on the canes 

 and leaves. Many of them eventually join, the patches be- 

 coming grey in the centre. As the infected canes die instead 

 of fruiting, they should be cut away and burned as 

 soon as the symptoms are noticed. The others should be 

 sprayed with Bordeaux mixture at half -strength. 



NUTS. 



In some gardens Nuts (Filberts, Cobs, and Hazels) are 

 allowed to grow into trees, but in market , gardens in Kent 

 they are not very much larger than Red Currant bushes. The 

 difference between the three kinds is slight, all of them being 

 merely varieties of the same species. In Filberts, the Nuts 

 are oblong, and much shorter than the husks; in Cobs, they 

 are rounder, and about the same length as the husks; in Hazels, 

 they are smaller, rounder still, and much longer than the 

 husks. The male flowers, the yellow catkins, appear very 

 early in the year, and when the pollen is ready for dispersion 

 the small, bright-red female flowers open on buds, mostly on 

 the twigs. Pruning should, therefore, be managed so as to 



