74 TOOLS FOR FELLING AND CONVKBSION. 



than real, especially in a country of almost pure officialism such as 

 India is. 



In any case, private agency alone can be resorted to (1) when 

 the money returns are not expected to cover the cost of felling 

 and conversion, except in the few instances when the State may 

 have to work at a loss in order to open the way to private enter- 

 prise ; or (2) when only a few scattered trees possessing special 

 characters and hence commanding specially high prices can be 

 sold; or (3) when the annual coupe is divided into small lots 

 either for convenience of supply, or because, owing to the poverty 

 of the district, large and wealthy dealers do not exist ; or (4) 

 when the trees are surrendered to right-holders ; or (5) when 

 the establishment is too weak to undertake anything beyond 

 merely seeing that the forest suffers no harm from the felling and 

 conversion operations ; or (6) when the consumers in the immediate 

 neighbourhood of the forests are so poor that they require only 

 small quantities of firewood and small timber, which, from not 

 being able to pay others, they must cut and convert themselves. 



On the other hand, the agency of the owner alone can be em- 

 ployed in cleanings and thinnings, since in both these operations 

 the selection of the stems to be cut and their removal must proceed 

 pari p.assu with one another. In after-fellings also, when serious 

 damage is to be feared for the new generation, private agency 

 should, as fqr as possible, be avoided for the felling and rough 

 conversion of the trees. 



Section III. — Tools employed in felling and conveesion. 



These tools, according to the purposefor which they are used,are 



For cutting down saplings and f Bill-hooks {Fig. 18), liglit axes 



small poles, ... ( {Fig. id). 



For cutting down trees above ( Felling axes {Fig. 20), cross-cut 

 the ground, I saws (%s. 33, 34, and 37). 



i Felling axes {Fig. 20), grubbing 

 axes {Fig. 25), grubbing chisel, 

 levers _(^i^s 43 and 46), the 

 screw-jack {Fig. 45), windlass, 

 derricks, winches, 

 r Chains, levers {Figs. 43 and 46), 

 For directing the fall of trees,/ the screw-jack {Fig. 45), thrust- 



l pole {Fig. 44). 

 For lopping and topping and f Felling axes {Fig. 20), cross-cut 

 logging I saws (Fig's. 33, 34, 37, and 39), 



For dressing or cutting up small J ^'l^J?°"h ^■*^^- ^®)' ''^^* *^^^ 

 wood ... \ ^^'9- 23), frame cross-cut saw 



•• I {Fig. 38). 



For splitting f Splitting axes {Fig. 24), wedges 



I (I'V- 41). 



