104 CONVERSION. 



When a screw-jack is available, trees with only large horizontal 

 roots may be felled in the manner shown in Fig. 45. 

 Aeticle 3.— Gbubbing out of stumps. 



The same procedure may be adopted here as in felling a tree, 

 except that the enormous leverage of the crown and trunk is now 

 entirely absent, and practically all the roots must be completely cut 

 through. For the leverage of the upper portion of the tree must 

 be substituted the action of the forest devil C^ig. 43), or of the 

 stool-wrench {Fig. 46), or of the screw-jack {Fig. 45), or of wind- 

 lasses, derricks, or winches. 



Another way is to split and chip up the stump, converting it at 

 once into firewood ; but owing to the knottiness and crossing of 

 fibres which characterise this portion of most trees, especially of 

 broad-leaved species, this mode of extraction is generally extremely 

 slow and can be adopted only very exceptionally. 



Lastly, blasting powder or dynamite may be used. The blast- 

 hole is made with a strong gimlet. It is best to bore it down- 

 wards through the centre of the stump ; but in case of rotten- 

 ness there, it should be bored sideways along a radius. In blast- 

 ing with powder, the charge will be from 2 to 5 ounces, ac- 

 cording to the size and nature of the stump, and the tamping 

 should be done with clay or stiff loam. In the case of dynamite 

 the charge will vary from 1 to 5 ounces, from 2 to 3 ounces suffic- 

 ing, according to Gayer, for a stump from 20 to 28 inches in dia- 

 meter. The stick of dynamite is put into the hole and rammed in 

 tight with a wooden rod. Above this, in close contact, is placed the 

 detonator containing the cap, to which the fuse is securely fixed. 

 The rest of the blast hole is filled with clay or loam or fine sand. 

 The fuse is fired with a burning piece of tinder placed in contact. 

 When powder is used, the effect is often merely to rend the stool 

 asunder, whereas the very much more powerful dynamite usually 

 blows it up into numerous small fragments. 



Section VI. — Conveesion. 



It will be most convenient to take up separately (1) the rough 

 and ready conversion, such as can be effected by any gang of wood- 

 men and which all felled material must undergo before it can be 

 removed from the coupe, and (2) conversion into sawn goods. 

 The manufacture of staves has already been described (pp. 57-58), 

 and references have been made in various places to the preparation 

 of felloes, sleepers, and some other classes of manufactured goods, 

 which may be wrought in the forest. 



