BIRDS OP NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 141-154 (148.4); wing, 72-79 (76.4); 

 tail, 52-58 (55.2); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12); tarsus, 21; middle toe, 

 15; hind claw, 11-12 (11.2). « 



Western division of the Palsearctic Region, breeding over the greater 

 part of Europe (in Spain, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, and Palestine, 

 only on higher mountains), migrating southward in winter to northern 

 Africa. Accidental in Greenland (one specimen, taken in 1845). 



[Alaiida] praterms Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 166 (based on The Titlark 

 Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, i, 41, pi. 43, etc.) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 287.— Gmelin, Syst. 

 Nat., i, 1788, 792. 



Alauda pratenm Forstee, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1«17, 76. 



Anthus pratenm Beohstein, Gem. Naturg. Deutschl., iii, 1807, 732. — Temminck, 

 Man. d'Orn., i, 1820, 269.— Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., iii, 1823, 774, part.— 

 Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, 1827, pi. 80. — Gould, Birds Europe, ii, 1837, 

 pi. 136; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1870, pi. 13.— Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, 

 ii, 1839, 181.— Keyserling and Blasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 172.— Selys- 

 Longchamps, Faun. Belg., 1842, 87.^yARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1843, 

 389.— Hewitson, Eggs Brit. "Birds, i, 1846, 133, pi. 36, fig. 1.— Paulsen, ed. 

 Holboll's Fauna Gron., 1846, 24.— Wolley, Jardine's Contr. Om., 1850, 108 

 (Faroe Islands, breeding). — Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 69. — Newton, in 

 Baring Gould's Iceland, 1863; ed. Yarrell's Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1874, 575.— 

 KjjEKBOLLiNG, Om. Dan., 1852, pi. 17, fig. 3. — Zander, Journ. fiir Orn., 

 1853, Extrah., i, 60 (monogr.).— Schlegel, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pi. 96; Dier. 

 Nederl., Vog., 1861, pi. 9, fig. 5.— Sundevall, Svensk. Fogl., 1856, pi. 8, fig. 

 7. — Lindermayer, Vog. Griechenl., 1860, 77. — Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 6 

 (Greenland, 1 spec, 1845). — Baikd, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 155 (Green- 

 land). — Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur.,i, 1867, 367. — Loche, Exped. Sci. 

 Alg6r., Ois., ii, 1867, 16.— Heuglin, Orn. N. O.-Afr., 1869, 323.— Fritsoh, 

 Vog. Eur., 1870, pi. 16, fig. 7.— Salvadoei, Faun.^ Ital. Ucc, 1871, 125.— 

 Shelley, Birds Egypt, 1872, 131.— Harting, Handb' Brit. Birds, 1872, 24.— 

 Dresser, Birds Europe, iii, 1874, 285, pi. 132, fig. 1. — Baikd, Brewer, and 

 Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 173, part, pi. 10, fig. 4.— Ridgway, 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 72.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 88.— 

 British Ornithologists' Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 32. — Radde, Orn. 

 Gaucas., 1884, 217. — Tkistra.m, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 55. — Sharpe, 

 , Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 580. — American Ornithologists' Union, 

 Check List, 1886, no. 698. 



A[nthvs2 pratenm Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 206. — Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 

 14.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 285.— Ridgway, Man. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1887, 536. 



[Anthits] pratenm 'Bon APASXE, Cousp. Av., i, 1850, 248. — Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 

 251, no. 3645. 



.Spipola pratenm Leach, Cat. Mamm., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 21. — Boucard, Cat. 

 Av., 1876, 211, no. 6523. 



Leimoniptera pratensis Kavp, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 39. 



Parus ignotus Briinnich, Orn. Bor., 1764, 73 (see Strickland, Jardine's Contr. 

 Om., 1852, 44, 45).— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1006. 



Anthus sepiarius Vibillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 486 (based on 

 Alauda sepiaria Brisson; Le Ou.jelier Daubenton PI. Enl., pL 660, fig. 2). — 

 Eoux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pi. 188. 



<!■ Seven specimens. 



