BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



239 



Adult female.—Length (skins), 220-255 (233.1); wing, 110-118 

 (113.6); tail, 104.5-114 (108.7); exposed culmen, 17-18. 5 (17. 6) ; tarsus, 

 25-28.5 (27.2); middle toe, 14r-16.5 (15.8).« 



Northern North America, breeding from Labrador to Alaska, and 

 to an undetermined distance southward; * migrating southward in 

 autumn and winter over greater part of United States, at least as far 

 as Virginia, Kentucky, Kansas, New Mexico (Fort Wingate; Tulerosa), 

 Arizona (Fort Whipple), and central California (Nicasio, Mar3'^svine, 

 Calaveras Count}', etc.). 



Lanius excuhUor (not of Linnaeus) Forstbr, Fauna Amer. Sept., 1771, 9; Philoa. 

 Trans., Ixii, 1772, 386 (Severn Kiver).— Wilson, Ana. Orn., i, 1808, 74, pi. 5, 

 fig. 1.— Bonaparte, Joum. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 357; iv, 1824, 

 272.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 534, pi. 192. 

 Lanius ftoreaKs Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 80, part, pi. 50 (no type locality 

 designated); Enc. M6th., ii, 1823, 728. — Swainson and Richardson, Fauna 

 Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 11, pi. 33 (young). — Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., viii, 1839, 152 (Columbia E.).— Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 157; Birds 

 Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 130, pi. 236.— Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 

 75. — Oassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 212. — Jardine, Contr. Orn., 

 1850, 67 (Bermudas). — Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 51. — Martens, Journ. 

 fiir Orn., 1859, 212 (Bermudas).— Willis, Ann. Eep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 

 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia). — Dresser and Sharps, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, 591 (monogr.).— FiNSOH, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 39 (Chilcat 

 E., Alaska).— OouES, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 558; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 

 no. 186. — Marshall, Oologist, v, 1879, 16 (habits). — Brewer, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 120 (New England range).— Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado, fall and winter; feeds on 

 titmice) .— Eidgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 148; Om. Illinois, i, 1889, 

 198.— Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 240. — Hartlaue, Journ. fiir 

 Orn., xxxi, i883, 270 (Berners Bay and Lj'nn Canal, Alaska). — Bioknell, 



o Nineteen specimens. 



Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: 



After carefully comparing 150 specimens, including 30 adult males, I am unable to 

 appreciate any differences according to geographic area warranting separation of the 

 species into two subspecies, the coloration being, apparently, quite the same where 

 specimens of corresponding age and sex are compared. 



6 1 have not been able to find an unquestionable record of this species breeding 

 anywhere within the limits of the United States. 



