246 



WOOD AND FOREST. 



Fig". 'iH. Worm Holi-s in Red 

 Oak, Work of tlie Oak Car- 

 penter Worm, [yl^/v'c. ]',af- 

 Boot, lfi03, Fig-. 37, p. 3^4. | 



sawed staves, a sliort longitudi- 

 nal section of one of these black 

 lioles is seen attended by the 

 stained strealc on one side of a 

 thiclv or cnrlj- growth or grain, 

 Fig. 100. It is this form which 

 is called "steamboats." In white- 

 wood (ye'.low poplar) the black 

 lioles are attended by very long 

 Idack, greenish, or bluish streaks, 

 sometimes five or six feet long. 

 When this is common in the 

 lumber it is called "calico poplar." Fig. 101 represents the characteristic ap- 

 pearance of this defect greatly reduced. (Hopkins, Agric. Yr. Bk., 1903, p. 3^7.) 



Carpenter bees. The work of this 

 class of woodboring bees is shown in Fig. 

 102. The injury consists of large auger- 

 like tunnels in exposed, solid dry wood of 

 buildings and other structures. It is most 

 common in soft woods, such as pine, pop- 

 lar, redwood and the like. (Hopkins, 

 Agric. Yr. Bk., 1904, p. 390., 



Horn tails. This is a class of borers 

 which are the larvae of the so-called wood 

 wasps. They may enter the exposed dead 

 wood of wounds of living trees, but more 

 commonly attack the wood of dead stand- 

 ing conifers and hard woods, in the sap- 

 wood of which they excavate irregular 

 burrows, which are packed with their bor- 

 ings. When the adults emerge they leave 

 the surface perforated with numerotis 

 round holes. Water and fungi entering 

 these holes cause a very rapid decay of 

 the wood. (Hopkins, Eiitoiu. Bull No. 48, 

 p. 11.) 



The tunnels of tliese various wood pests are most frequently to 

 be seen in chestnut, ash, hicl<ory, oak, tulip, and cypress. 



<.)ne would think 

 that with such an ar- 

 ray of enemies, the 

 forest would hardly 

 suivive, but on the 

 other hand there are 

 many enemies of the.5c 



1 ^^ orl t the C 1 tmljiin 



r nber Beetle Blatk holes 1 1 1 

 ''i-^rease spots" in while oak. 

 l-Ie'Vi-. ]',;rr Boot. 1'103, Fiu. i8, 

 p. 3.\-.l 



F ir 100 Work of tl e C lumlian 



T mber Beetle 'Stea iil nt i i 



quartered ( r Split ^ hite oak. \Ajs/u. 



rear Boot, 1903, Fi!f.39, p. 32().'| 



