30 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS 



daged: — C. nigra, L., Knapweed, Hardhead, is a very 

 common plant in English meadows. The following low- 

 land species are very nearly allied : — C. nigrescens, Willd.; 

 glabrous, involucre cylindrical, appendages with recurved 

 tip, pappus O. C. transalpina, Schleich. ; similar, but 

 plant covered with rough hairs, involucre variegated with 

 black and green. C. pratensis, Thuill. ; marginal flowers 

 barren, appendages hghter, pappus O. C. uniflora, L. ; 

 capitule large, solitary, stem quite simple, very leafy, 

 4-15 in., leaves cottony on both sides, lower ones with 

 a long winged stalk ; High Alps, Dauphiny. C. nervosa, 

 Willd. {plumosa, Lam., Thomasiana, Grml., Ferdinandi, 

 Gren.) ; leaves grey-green, auricled ; High Alps, Southern 

 Switzerland, Tirol, Carniola, Dauphiny. The remaining 

 species are lowland or sub-alpine : — C. alba, L. (splendens, 

 Gaud.) ; leaves pinnate or bi-pinnate, with linear segments, 

 appendages of involucre white; Ticino. C. Jacea, L. 

 (including amara, L.); very nearly allied to nigra, but 

 involucral appendages undivided, finely denticulate or 

 lacerated, pappus o ; frequent. C. rhcetica, Mor. {austriaca, 

 Koch, cirrhata, Rchb.); involucre elliptical, appendages 

 long, pointed, pinnatifid, not concealing the involucre, 

 stem and leaves usually glabrous ; Southern Switzerland, 

 Tirol, Styria, Piedmont. C. phrygia, L. {austriaca, Willd.) 

 (PL 64); stem 1J-3 feet, branched, ray-flowers very 

 slender, appendages brown, leaves broadly lanceolate, 

 dentate; sub-alpine pastures, frequent. C.pseudo-phrygia, 

 Mey.; resembling the last, but appendages black- brown; 

 pastures; Switzerland, Tirol. 



Sub-Order LlGULIFLOR^E. — Plants with a milky juice 

 (latex) ; flowers all ligulate. 



