XXIII THE HAWAIIAN MOUNTAIN-FLORA 273 



It is evident that in one or two cases the connection between 

 the representatives of the " Antarctic " genera on the Hawaiian 

 uplands and those of high southern latitudes has only been 

 recently broken off. Thus with reference to the Hawaiian species 

 of the Cyperaceous genus, Uncinia, it may be observed that 

 although Hillebrand regards it as a distinct species, Hemsley 

 {^Intr. Bot. Chall. Exped., p. 31) remarks that it is very near if not 

 the same as a New Zealand species, an affinity very significant of 

 the source of the mountain plants of this group that are derived 

 from these southern latitudes. 



The next component to be recognised in these Hawaiian 

 mountain genera with peculiar species is a small special American 

 element ; and in this connection Sanicula and Sisyrinchium may be 

 especially mentioned. The first is mainly North American, and 

 particularly Californian ; but there are two solitary species found 

 on the continents and in oceanic islands such as the Azores. The 

 continental species, Sanicula europsea, occurs not only in Europe 

 and Central Asia, but in South Africa, and at high elevations on 

 the mountains of Equatorial Africa and of Madagascar. It is not, 

 however, with this widely ranging species that Sanicula sand- 

 wicensis is related, but with S. menziesii, a species from California 

 and Oregon (Hillebrand). Sisyrinchium is confined to temperate 

 and tropical America ; but a singular and suggestive outlier of the 

 genus (S. bermudiana) is found in Bermuda. 



The mountain genera that are distributed on both sides of the 

 Pacific constitute about three-fifths of the total. So far as my 

 scanty data show, they seem to have reached Hawaii from the four 

 quarters of the compass. The probable southerly origin of 

 Plantago has been already indicated. Hillebrand notes the great 

 resemblance between Lobelia gaudichaudii and an undescribed 

 species from the Liukiu Islands, lying on the west side of the 

 Pacific. It is likely, also, that the genus Ranunculus reached 

 Hawaii from the west, since one of the species, R. mauiensis, 

 resembles R. repens of the Old World (Hillebrand) ; whilst the 

 other, R. hawaiiensis, comes near R. sericeus of Mauritius (Drake 

 del Castillo). On the other hand, the genus Rubus may hail 

 from an American source, since, in the opinion of Gray, Rubus 

 hawaiiensis, one of the mountain raspberries, finds its nearest 

 relative in R. spectabilis from the north-west coast of America ; 

 and there are reasons for believing, as will subsequently be shown, 

 that the genus Artemisia has an American source. It is also 

 probable that some of these genera have reached Hawaii from the 

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