AS TO SOUNDNESS. 65 
LECTURE IX. 
Evils of Calkins—Evils of Paring and so Weakening the Sole— 
Flat Soles—Degrees of Flatness—Positive Flatness and Seedy 
Toe—Low Heels—Calkined Heels—Knuckling Fore Legs—A 
i Horse with Low Heels may be Quite Sound—Long Toes and 
Sprain on Back Tendons—Pasterns Short and Upright—Toes 
Out-turned—Brushing—In-turmed Toes, Digging and Stumbling 
—The Unnerved Foot. 
GENTLEMEN,—The conclusions at which we arrived at 
our last meeting lead to practical results of the highest 
value, and although they have been empirically well 
known since, and before, the days of St. Bel, known 
alike in our ranks, among horse owners and shoeing- 
smiths, yet they have led to no higher results than those 
' degrading sights of lame ambling horses, which are to be 
_witnessed in any street in this/or any other town of Great 
Britain. Although shoeing-smiths do not know that 
the focus or centre of weight ought to be kept well above 
the ground surface of the foot for the reasons we have 
just exemplified, yet practically they know it, and yet 
take no pains to accomplish it, but on the contrary use 
means to tilt up the heels by wedge shoes and calkins. 
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