AS TO SOUNDNESS, 67 
1. Paring with the drawing knife. 
2. Laminitis. 
3. Congenital. 
From whatever cause, this is a grave defect, for the rea- 
sons we have seen. It may be an unsoundness of the 
greatest magnitude, or it may not be an unsoundness, | 
legally, at all. In judging it you will have to be guided 
by its 
1. Cause. 
2. Degree. 
The degree of flatness varies between the just perceptible 
lowering of the arch down to, not only flatness, but actual 
_convexity. We may leave out of count actual convexity, 
as you will not have such a case brought for your opinion 
under present circumstances. Cases are brought some- 
times where the flatness is either absolute or nearly so. 
In such cases a leather sole stuffing, and a broad webbed 
shoe having in it more iron than common, will be re- 
quired in order that the ‘horse may go sound. So that 
-you have this test: have him shod carefully in ordinary 
shoes, and then see if he goes sound. If he now goes 
lame or “feely,” he is unsound, because a sound horse 
can go with ease in ordinary shoes. 
Before leaving the subject of flattened soles, let me 
‘remind you that in these cases “ seedy toe” is frequently 
present, so that whenever you see the former suspect the 
latter and test for it by tapping the front of the hoof 
lightly with a hammer. “Seedy toe” to a very slight 
