474 



PRACTICAL ZOOLOGY 



the entire animal kingdom, and added a great mass of personal 

 observations to the many descriptions published by his pred- 

 ecessors. Besides a number of treatises on comparative anat- 

 omy, he wrote a book on the fossil remains of animals, which 

 founded the science of vertebrate paleontology. Among 

 Cuvier's more noted successors were the Englishmen, Richard 

 Owen (1S04-1892) and Thomas H. Huxley (1825-1895), and 

 the American, E. D. Cope (1840-1897). 



Johannes Miiller (1801-1858). — The study of structure, 

 both of adults and of embryos, was accompanied by attempts to 

 determine the functions of organs. Harvey made his name 

 immortal by the discovery of the circulation of the blood. 

 Haller (1708-1777) helped the science of physiology by sum- 

 ming up the principal facts and theories of his predecessors. 

 Johannes Miiller founded modern comparative physiology, and 

 prepared a handbook of the physiology of man, based upon the 



personally verified statements of 

 others and upon his own obser- 

 vations, which to this day has no 

 equal. He made use of the mi- 

 croscope, and brought to his 

 work a knowledge of physics, 

 chemistry, and psychology. 

 Since his time physiological in- 

 vestigations have progressed 

 along physical and chemical 

 lines, and vital activities are 

 now explained by many in 

 physico-chemical terms. 



Charles Darwin (1809-1882). 

 — The ideas of special crea- 

 tion and spontaneous generation 

 which were once widespread were 

 replaced during the last century by the theory of organic evolu- 

 tion, largely through the writings of Charles Darwin (Fig. 323). 



Fig. 32.3. — Charles Darwin. 

 (From Davenport.) 



