THE DESCENT OR ORIGIN OF MAN 65 



jninutely described a vast number of muscular variations 

 in man, whicli resemble normal structures in tlie lower 

 animals. The muscles -which closely resemble those regu- 

 larly present in our nearest allies, the Quadrumana, are too 

 numerous to be here even specified. In a single male sub- 

 ject, having a strong bodily frame, and well-formed skull, 

 no less than seven muscular variations were observed, all of 

 which plainly represented muscles proper to various kinds 

 of apes. This man, for instance, had on both sides of his 

 neck a true and powerful ^^ levator claviculce," such as is 

 found in all kinds of apes, and which is said to occur in 

 about one out of sixty human subjects." Again, this man 

 had "a special abductor of the metatarsal bone of the fifth 

 digit, such as Prof. Huxley and Mr. Flower have shown 

 to exist uniformly in the higher and lower apes." I will 

 give only two additional cases; the acromio-hasilar muscle is 

 found in all mammals below man, and seems to be correlated 

 with a quadrupedal gait, ^° and it occurs in about one out of 

 sixty human subjects. In the lower extremities Mr. Brad- 

 ley" found an abductor ossis metatarsi quinti in both feet of 

 man; this muscle had not up to that time been recorded 

 in mankind, but is always present in the anthropomorphous 

 apes. The muscles of the hands and arms — parts which are 

 so eminently characteristic of man — are extremely liable to 

 vary, so as to resemble the corresponding muscles in the 

 lower animals." Such resemblances are either perfect or 

 imperfect; yet in the latter case they are manifestly of a 

 transitional nature. Certain variations are more common 

 in man, and others in woman, without our being able to 



variable some of the muscles are in these animals, the lowest members of the 

 Primates. G-radations, also, in the muscles leading to structures found in ani- 

 mals still lower in the scale, are numerous in the Lemuroidea. 



*« See also Prof. Macalister in "Proc. R. Irish Academy," vol. x., 1868, 

 p. 124. 



™ Mr. Champneys in "Journal of Anat. and Phys.," Nov., 1871, p. 1T8. 



«" "Journal of Anat. and Phys.," May, 18T2, p. 421. 



M Prof. Macalister (ibid., p. 121) has tabulated his observations, and finds 

 that muscular abnormalities are most frequent in the forearms, secondly, in the 

 face, thirdly, in the foot, etc. 



