THE DESCENT OB ORIGIN OF MAN 119 



evolutionists, and said, "I abide amid all mental moods and 

 all material changes. . . . The teaching that atoms leave 

 their impressions as legacies to other atoms falling into the 

 places they have vacated is contradictory of the utterance of 

 consciousness, and is therefore false; but it is the teaching 

 necessitated by evolationism, consequently the hypothesis 

 is a false one." " 



Language. — This faculty has justly been considered as 

 one of the chief distinctions between man and the lower ani- 

 mals. But man, as a highly competent judge. Archbishop 

 Wakely remarks, is not the only animal that can make use 

 of language to express what is passing in his mind, and can 

 understand, more or less, what is so expressed by another. ' ' " 

 In Paraguay the Gebus azarce when excited utters at least six 

 distinct sounds, which excite in other monkeys similar emo- 

 tions." The movements of the features and gestures of 

 monkeys are understood by us, and they partly understand 

 ours, as Eengger and others declare. It is a more remark- 

 able fact that the dog, since being domesticated, has learned 

 to bark" in at least four or five distinct tones. Although 

 barking is a new art, no doubt the wild parent-species of the 

 dog expressed their feelings by cries of various kinds. "With 

 the domesticated dog we have the bark of eagerness, as in 

 the chase; that of anger, as well as growling; the yelp or 

 howl of despair, as when shut up; the baying at night; the 

 bark of joy, as when starting on a walk with his master; 

 and the very distinct one of demand or supplication, as 

 when wishing for a door or window to be opened. Accord- 

 ing to Houzeau, who paid particular attention to the subject, 

 the domestic fowl utters at least a dozen significant sounds." 



The habitual use of articulate language is, however, 



« The Rev. Dr. J. M'Oann, "Anti- Darwinism," 1869, p. 13. 

 " Quoted in "Anthropological Eeviow," 1864, p. 158. 

 ^ Eengger, ibid., s. 46. 



■" See my "Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. 

 i p. 27. 



«• "Faeult^a Mentales des Animaux," torn it., 1872, pp. 346-349. 



