264 THE DESCENT OF MAN 



present, totally different from what it was formerly. It 

 was originallv asserted and reasserted, with singular perti- 

 nacity, that the brain of all the apes, even the highest, dif- 

 fers from that of man, in the absence of such conspicuous 

 structures as the posterior lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, 

 with the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle and the 

 hippocampus minor, contained in those lobes, which are so 

 obvious in man. 



But the truth that the three structures in question are as 

 well developed in apes' as in human brains, or even better; 

 and that it is characteristic of all the Primates (if we exclude 

 the Lemurs) to have these parts well developed, stands at 

 present on as secure a basis as any proposition in compara- 

 tive anatomy. Moreover, it is admitted by every one of the 

 long series of anatomists who, of late years, have paid spe- 

 cial attention to the arrangement of the complicated sulci and 

 gyri which appear upon the surface of the cerebral hemi- 

 spheres in man and the higher apes, that they are disposed 

 alter the very same pattern in him, as in them. Every 

 principal gyrus and sulcus of a chimpanzee's brain is clearly 

 represented in that of a man, so that the terminology whica 

 applies to the one answers for the other. On this point there 

 is no difference of opinion. Some years since, Prof. Bischoff 

 published a memoir" on the cerebral convolutions of man 

 and apes; and as the purpose of my learned colleague was 

 certainly not to diminish the value of the differences between 

 apes and men in this respect, I am glad to make a citation 

 from him: 



"That the apes, and especially the orang, chimpanzee, 

 and gorilla, come very close to man in their organization, 

 much nearer than to any other animal, is a well-known fact, 

 disputed by nobody. Looking at the matter from the point 

 of view of organization alone, no one probably would ever 

 have disputed the view of Linnaeus, that man should be 

 placed, merely as a peculiar species, at the head of the mam- 

 malia and of those apes. Both show, in all their organs, so 

 close an affinity, that the most exact anatomical investiga- 

 tion is needed in order to demonstrate those differences 

 which really exist. So it is with the brains. The brains 

 of man, the orang, the chimpanzee, the gorilla, in spite of 

 all the important differences which they present, come very 

 close to one another" (1. c, p. 101). 



'"' "Die Groashim-Windungen des Mensehen;" "Abhandluugeu der K, 

 Bajerischeu Akademie, " Bd. z., 1868. 



