THE HOOFED MAMMALS. 151 



the hartebeests resemble slieep in having but two teats, those of the wilde- 

 beests agree with cows in possessing four. The two species of wildebeests 

 are chiefly remarkable for the strange gambles and antics in which they 

 indulge, especially when the herd is approached by travellers. They are 

 frequently found in company with zebras. 



The African duikerboks {fieph(doi)hus), most of which are exceedingly 

 diminutive and graceful little creatures, although two species from the west 

 coast are of much larger dimensions, form the typical representatives of the 

 second section. In all these the horns are short and simple, without ridges, 

 and are developed only in the males. There is a more or less elongated 

 gland beneath each eye ; the muzzle is large and nalced ; the tail is short; and 

 the teats of the females are always four in number. The upper molar teeth 

 have broad, square crowns ; and in the skulL there are no pits on the fore- 

 head, and no fissure beneath the socket of the eye, although there is a deep 

 depression in the bones of this region. The duikerboks are characterised by 

 having a tuft of long hairs between the small horns, which are situated far 

 back on the forehead, the gland below the eye taking the form of a/ narrow 

 slit or a row of pores, and the tail being very short. The nearly allied four- 

 horned antelope (Tetraceros qiiadriooriiis) of Peninsular India is sufficiently 

 distinguished by the males generally carrying two pairs of horns, of which 

 the front ones- are very minute. 



More numerously represented is the Cervicaprine group of antelopes, 

 which comprises several genera, with species of large or medium size, confined 

 to Africa south of the Sahara. In these the horns are confined to the males ; 

 the gland below the eye may be either large, rudimental, or wanting ; the 

 muzzle is either hairy or naked ; the tail is short ; and the upper molars are 

 narrow. There is usually a large unossified space in the skull below the eye, 

 and also distinct pits on the forehead. 



According to the recent classification of Messrs. Sclater and Thomas, a 

 number of small African antelopes generally included in the Cervicaprinoi are 

 entitled to form a section by themselves (Nanotragince). Of these the six 

 species of the genus Madoqua — among which the Abyssinian Salt's antelope 

 {M. saltlana) has been longest known — are very small antelopes characterised 

 by the production of the hairy muzzle into a more or less marked proboscis, 

 and the presence of a tuft of hair on the crown of the head. In three of 

 the species, among which is the one named, the last lower molar has no 

 third lobe at its hinder end, and the proboscis is relatively short. Nearly 

 allied is the royal antelope (Nanotragus pygmceus) of Guinea, the smallest 

 member of the entire family, sufiiciently distinguished by the smooth crown 

 of the head, the presence of a small naked area on the muzzle, and the 

 minute horns. Another genus, which includes the Zanzibar steinbok 

 {Nesotragus moschatuit) and N. livingstonianus, difTers from the last by the 

 larger horns. The true steinbok (Raphieeros campestris) agrees with the two 

 last genera in the absence of lateral hoofs and of tufts of hair on the knees, 

 but differs by other characters which are regarded as entitling it to form a 

 genus apart. More distinct is the South African oribi {Oribia scoparia), 

 which has both lateral hoofs and tufts of hair at the knees. From all these 

 the well-known klipspringer {Oreotragxis saltator), which ranges along the 

 east coast from the Capo to Abyssinia, and has the habits of a chamois, differs 

 in the form of the skull, the thick, brittle hair, resembling that of the musk- 

 deer, and the clumsy hoofs. In the skull of both genera there is a deep pit 

 below the eye. Among the typical Cervicaprincs, tlie rehbok {Pdea capreda) 



