OF THE FA EM AND GAUDEN. 169 



of pins thrust through a rubber band; this was to be put 

 around the trunk with the points of the pins outward. 

 Other devices consist of troughs of sheet lead to surround 

 the trunk, with a channel in which some kind of oil may 

 be placed. In all such cases the simplest methods are 

 the best. In New Haven and other New England places, 

 which pride themselves upon their fine elms, trees 

 which the Canker-worm particularly infests, the chief 

 reliance is upon bands of thick paper placed around the 

 trunks; this has placed upon it a barrier of pine tar or of 

 old printer's-ink. Whatever barrier is used, it requires 

 frequent attention. All liquids like oil, or viscid materi- 

 als like tar, etc., may be covered by blowing dust, leaves, 

 etc., to form a bridge across them; indeed the insects 

 themselves, being arrested, often form a bridge with their 

 dead bodies for the passage of their successors, and 

 during the season such barriers should be daily looked to 

 and renewed if necessary. 



It may be added that some orchardists, instead of using 

 preventive measures, allow the insects to deposit their 

 eggs on the trees, and then, when the caterpillars begin 

 their work upon the foliage, destroy them by the use of 

 Paris Green mixed with water, and thrown into the trees 

 by means of a force-pump. 



Note. — While the fjregoing insects attack the Apple 

 in preference to other fruit trees, they are occasionally, 

 as mentioned under each, injurious to other trees. 

 When we recollect that all our fruit trees belong to the 

 same botanical family (tlie Rosacem), it will not be sur- 

 prising to find an insect attacking several different trees 

 indiscriminately. This large family is divided by botan- 

 ists into several sub-families, one of which, the Almond 

 Sub-family {Amygdalem), includes, what are popularly 

 8 



