CHAPTER I. 
THE TREE. 
A tree is a woody plant with a single stem more or less 
branched and taking on what is commonly known as the 
form. 
tree 
The most evident parts of a tree are roots, stem or trunk, 
branches, buds, leaves, flowers, fruit and seed. 
The Stem, Branches and Roots are made up of inner 
bark, outer bark, sapwood and heartwood. 
Cross-section of Woody 
Figure 1. 
Stem —diagram showing (a) outer 
bark, (4) inner bark or bast, (c) cam- 
bium, (d,¢, f,g and /) annual rings 
of wood, and (2) pith. 
The outer bark, sap- 
wood and_ heartwood are 
made up of concentric circles 
termed annual rings. During 
each period of growth two 
new rings are formed—one 
on the outside of the sapwood 
and another on the inside of 
the outer bark and as we sel- 
dom have more than one sea- 
son of growth each year but 
formed on the 
one ring is 
wood in a year; so that by 
counting the rings of wood 
in the stem we can determine 
very closely the age of trees. 
In very rare cases we have 
two periods of growth in one 
year, as in 1894, when the 
drouth of midsummer ripened up the wood of the trees by the 
first of August and the rainsof autumn started a new growth, and 
caused some trees and shrubs to Hower in October, but such 
occurrences are very uncommon and the extra rings formed 
