94 ELEMENTARY FORESTRY. 
roots, but far enough away from the tree to leave a large ball of 
earth. The trench is then filled in with a mulch of some kind, 
and when the ground is frozen the tree is moved, with the ball 
of earth attached, to the hole which has been previously prepared 
and kept free from frost. 
After Trees Have Been Moved, or had their roots short- 
ened.in some other way, they should generally not be transplanted 
again for at least one or two years, during which time they will 
have overcome the injuries done to their root system. The time 
which should thus elapse will vary with the kind of tree, and 
also with the amount of injury done. Where the injury is 
severe a much longer time will be required for recovery than 
where it is slight. 
Time to Transplant. Planting of trees should always be 
done when they are dormant, or just as they start into growth in 
the spring, which is generally from the middle to last of April. 
If for any reason it is desirable to risk the moving of trees late 
in the spring, after the leaves have started, they should be cut 
back severely, all the leaves removed, and great pains be taken 
to secure all the roots and to prevent their drying out. Very 
hardy deciduous trees, as the Elm, Cottonwood, Boxelder and 
Ash, can often be successfully moved in the fall, if the ground is 
moist at the time of removal, but great care must be taken to 
work the soil in very compactly between the roots, so that there 
will be no large air spaces among them. If the trees are large, 
it is a good plan to stake them, so they cannot be blown about 
by the wind. The more tender trees should not be transplanted 
in this section in autumn, and even the hardiest kinds should 
never be moved at this season unless the soil is moist. 
Transplanting Evergreens. When seedling evergreens are 
two years old they should be transplanted, and this should be 
done about once in three years afterwards, until they are moved 
to their permanent places. As evergreens are very sensitive to 
being moved, this requires more care than with most deciduous 
trees. The most important point is to not allow the roots to 
have even the appearance of being dry. They may be trans- 
planted in the spring, as soon as the ground works easily and the 
roots have white tips, and they may be safely transplanted even 
up to the time that the new growth shows about an inch, but at 
