FOREST AND PASTURE. 123 
in the ground near them, and occasionally over a considerable 
acreage the cattle and deer may be fenced out until the trees are 
so large that they will not injure them. Under some conditions 
the eating off of the leaves from the sides of the trunk of sap- 
lings would prove a desirable pruning. It is very certain that 
while forests and pastures cannot often be very well combined 
together, yet it is possible to combine them under some condi- 
tions. It is quite common to see the new growth of spruce 
and fir in European forests protected from the browsing of deer 
by covering the tips of the young shoots with a little coal tar 
Figure 32. Sand dune near Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey. 
or common cotton batting. The cotton batting seems to be 
very disagreeable to the deer, and to afford about as good pro- 
tection as the coal tar. It is, however, rather more difficult to 
put on. 
Sand Dunes. In a few places in this state, and in various 
parts of this country, notably along portions of the seashore and 
along the shores of the Great Lakes, there are quite considera- 
ble sand dunes. By this is meant the drifting sands which are 
easily blown about aiter the vegetation which has held them in 
