146 ELEMENTARY FORESTRY. 
The Number of Feet B. M. which May be Obtained 
from a Log varies with the management of the cutting, the 
width of kerf, the width of boards, whether one or two inch 
boards, or some of both are cut from the same log. Usually the 
cut exceeds the scale. Take, for example, a log sixteen inches in 
diameter at the small end, eighteen inches at the middle, twenty 
inches at the large end, and twelve feet long. Such a log con- 
tains about 21.2 cubic feet. The official scale gives 119 feet B. 
M., which is equal to 9.9 cubic feet. The actual cut should give 
155.75 leet B. M., or thirteen cubic feet of lumber, the slab would 
be about 5.3 cubic feet, and the kerf (sawdust) about 2.9 cubic 
feet. From this it would appear that the Minnesota official scale 
gives the seller 46.7 per cent of his log, while the mill turns out 
61.3 per cent in lumber, 13.7 per cent in sawdust and 25 per 
cent in slab. The producer loses 53.3 per cent of the scaled log; 
but that is not all his loss. In marking logs to be cut the under- 
cutter allows at least three inches over the required length to 
cover loss in checking; that is, a log scaled at twelve foot length 
would really measure twelve feet and three inches, or more. 
The Percentage of the Logs,on which the seller or pro- 
ducer gets returns varies with different sizes and shapes. The 
following table will serve as a comparison: 
| Scale Per cent 
Diameters Lengths __ | Volume of Actual 
Inches. Feet. | C.F. | Volume 
| | B.M. | C.F. | Scaled. 
16 | 25.5 .8 
22 24. 59.4 
16 | 17.6 53.9 
16 | 13.3 52.8 
16 11.8 , 39.5 
14 10.6 8 .f 57.9 
12 9.9 21. wap 
12 12 16. 42.9 
12 7.2 13. 52.2 
20 5.4 15. B44 
16 5.4 12. 42.9 
16 | 5.4 ll. 47.0 
IPSs | 4.2 ll. 37.8 
| 1 | 4.2 10. 39. 
16 | a ec, 37 
| 16 ‘ 4.9 
16 | | 3.8 8.7 
16 | | 2.7 79 
16 2.7 8.7 
1 C163" | ep | 27 9.6 
} 12 | 24 | 2.0 | 6.5 
| 12 | d | 2.0 3 
12 2.5 | 6.5 
