152 ELEMENTARY FORESTRY. 
is well accomplished with a sharp knife, cutting a broad V notch 
from the center to the circumference. 
Miscellaneous Instruments used by the forester. For 
marking logs, blazing trees, cutting away limbs, etc., a hand 
ax is a desirable addition to the equipment. It should be small, 
so as to be conveniently carried in the pocket or in the belt, and 
should have a leather guard to protect the edge when not in use. 
As saws and axes will not keep sharp long, if used, a grindstone, 
whetstones, files and saw sets should be provided. In calipering 
trees on a small area across which it is necessary to make sev- 
eral trips, the surveyor avoids repetitions by marking the bark 
of each tree, as he calipers it, with a metal scratcher carried in 
one hand. Sometimes a pair of climbers are used to get into the 
top of a tree for the purpose of measuring upper limbs and diam- 
eters. The number of feet board measure in logs is ascertained 
by means of the ordinary log rule, Minnesota standard, used by 
sealers, and a board rule measures the lumber as it comes from 
the sawmill. 
A Camping Outfit is necessary where the work of the for- 
ester is done in the depths of the forest, far from habitations and 
railroads, and perhaps a wagon and a team of horses or pack 
horses should be provided for moving camp and hauling sup- 
plies. If the area to be worked over is great, the chief of the 
party should have a good saddle horse, so that he may get over 
the country quickly, and lay out work for his subordinates who 
operate on foot. o 
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