166 ELEMENTARY FORESTRY. 
In Shipbuilding ribs, rib frames, keels and outside planking 
take Oak or other hard wood, with trenails of Locust; while for 
inside planking Pine is used, and interiors and decks finished to 
taste and usage with any wood. 
In Joinery, which includes furniture making, cabinet and 
box work, packing cases and crates, all kinds of wood are util- 
ized. 
In the Making of Cars, wagons and carriages the frame- 
work is usually of Oak and Ash, with covering of Pine and fancy 
woods, while the running gear takes Hickory, Oak, Elm, Ash, 
Locust,—butt cuts being especially valuable. 
In Cooperage, barrels, casks, tubs, kegs, pails, churns and 
tanks (staves, heads and hoops) are made of every description of 
wood, but for vessels designed to hold the finer grades of wet 
goods, as liquors and wines, White Oak only is desired. 
In the Manufacture of Farm and Household Machinery 
and implements, mostly hard woods of tough, durable qualities. 
as Oak, Ash, Hickory and Elm, are in demand. For wooden- 
ware (turned, carved and split-ware goods), again, all kinds of 
wood find a place. For baskets and wickerware, Willows and 
other pliable growths are used, while sounding boards of pianos 
and organs are almost always of spruce. In machine building, 
cogs, gears and pulleys are often made of hard wood, while 
frames of a stationary nature are of Pine. 
Timber for Mining Purposes is in great demand in all 
mining regions, and enormous quantities of it are required, so 
that the mines are among the largest consumers. In this state 
some of the deep mines use as much as eighty miles of log tim- 
ber per year, besides lagging. In mining, usually, the wood of 
the district is used for props, lagging, etc. The same may be 
said fencing—the most convenient wood is taken. 
Telegraph Poles require sticks that are free from large knots, 
and which are durable in contact with the ground. Cedar is 
much used for this purpose. Flagstaffs and masts call for long, 
slender, yet resistant, material. 
In Lumbering a considerable quantity of timber is used in 
roads, skidways, booms, piling, ete., and a much larger quantity 
of the skidway and roadway material than is necessary is left to 
rot on the ground after a season’s work, 
