PINE. 201 
early deciduous. Sterile catkins five or six together. Cones soli- 
tary, four to six inches long, slender, cylindrical, terminal, pendu- 
lous, falling after shedding their seeds; scales thin and pointless, 
seeds nearly one-quarter of an inch long with eight to ten coty- 
ledons. A magnificent tree, and the tallest one of the Eastern 
States. In good locations in this state it sometimes attains a 
height of over 160 feet and a diameter of four feet. One acre 
was scaled near Carlton, Minn., which yielded over 94,000 feet 
board measure of sound timber. The White Pine is generally 
found in this section on rather clayey land. On poor land the 
Norway and Jack Pine generally crowd it out. 
Distribution—Canada and the Northeastern States and south- 
ward along the Alleghanies to Georgia, the valley of the St. Law- 
rence and around the Great Lakes. In Minnesota it is common 
through the northern half of the state, excepting west of Red 
Lake, and south to the northern edge of Chisago county. It is 
found occasionally south of this limit, as at St. Cloud, Taylors 
Falls, Cannon River, Mantorville, Rochester, St. Charles, and at 
various points in Houston and Fillmore counties. In the western 
and southwestern portions of the state it is not found. 
Propagation.—By seeds, as recommended for evergreens. The 
young seedlings will not bear as much sunlight as the Norway, 
Jack or the Bull Pine, and will bear considerable shade. 
Properties of lVood.—Very soft, light, weak, compact, straight 
grained, very resinous, easily worked, of a delicate pinkish brown 
color, with lighter colored sapwood. One of its points of con- 
siderable value is the small degree to which it shrinks and swells 
owing to change in the atmosphere. Not durable in contact with 
the soil, although the heartwood stands fairly well. Specific 
gravity, 0.3854; weight of a cubic foot, 24.02 pounds. 
Uses.—The White Pine is one of the fastest growing and per- 
haps the most graceful of evergreens for ornamental planting. 
It grows rapidly when in retentive soil of a loose open texture, 
but is liable to kill out in wet, compact or very sandy soils. It 
should not be planted in very exposed situations, but should fol- 
low the planting of the more hardy deciduous trees in such 
places; it is liable to be killed by drying winds in the early spring 
on our Western prairies. It is not as hardy as the Scotch Pine, 
nor will it make as fast a growth when young, but is longer lived 
