224 TREES OF MINNESOTA. 
Uses.—The Norway Spruce has been largely planted in the 
more Fastern States, and is a general favorite, as it grows more 
rapidly than any of ovr native spruces and is very graceful and 
stately in form. There are many plantings of this tree in Minne- 
sota, and they are holding on well; yet the White Spruce is a 
safer tree for general planting, and generally grows nearly as 
fast. Since it is more difficult to obtain the seed of the White 
Spruce, it is probable that the Norway Spruce will continue to 
be planted. The wood of Norway Spruce is much used in 
Europe, and is largely grown there for paper pulp, fuel and tim- 
ber. The young branches are used in making the essence of 
spruce, as described under Black Spruce. The bark is used to a 
considerable extent in Europe for tanning purposes. 
Genus TSUGA. 
A genus of but a single species in our section. 
Tsuga canadensis. Hemlock. 
Leaves linear, flat, one-half inch long, obtuse, whitened beneath, 
short petioled and diverging from the sides of the branchlet so 
as to make it appear flattened, falling during second and third 
years. Cones small, scarcely longer than the leaves, pendent 
from the tips of the branches of the preceding year, persistent, 
with inconspicuous bracts; seeds quite small, with thin wings, 
maturing the first year. A large, graceful tree. There are sev- 
eral horticultural varieties in cultivation. 
Distribution —From Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, south as 
far as Delaware and along the mountains to Alabama. Scarcely 
found in Minnesota, though common near its eastern borders, in 
Wisconsin. A few specimens are said to have been found near 
Cloquet, and perhaps occasionally elsewhere near the eastern 
boundary. 
Propagation.—The species by sceds and the varieties by graft- 
ing on the species. 
Properties of Wood.—Light, soft, brittle, coarse grained and 
not very easily worked; color, very light red or brown, with still 
lighter colored sapwood. Specific gravity, 0.4239; weight of a 
cubic foot, 26.42 pounds. 
