WALNUT. 237 
JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY. 
Trees with alternate, pinnately-compound leaves, no stipules. 
Flowers monoecious; the staminate in catkins with or without 
an irregular calyx and several stamens; the pistillate solitary or 
in clusters of two to five, their common peduncle terminating the 
shoot of the season; calyx, three to five lobed; stigmas, sessile, 
two-lobed, persistent. Ovary one-celled or incompletely two to 
four-celled, with a single ovule erect from its base; ripens into 
a large fruit, the bony inner part of which forms the shell of the 
nut and the fleshy outer part, the husk. Seed four-lobed, filled 
with fleshy oily embryo and large crumpled or corrugated coty- 
ledons. 
Genus JUGLANS. 
Leaves odd-pinnate with numerous serrate leaflets; petioles 
long, grooved on the upper side, gradually enlarged towards the 
base. In falling, the leaves expose large, conspicuous, elevated, 
obcordate, five-lobed scars. Flowers monoecious, opening in 
late spring after the leaves; the staminate in catkins, solitary or 
in pairs from the wood of the preceding year, each with eight to 
forty stamens on very short filaments and a three to six-lobed 
calyx; the pistillate solitary or several in a cluster on a branch 
of the season; calyx four-toothed, bearing in its sinuses four small 
petals; stigmas two, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit 
large, drupaceous, marked at the apex with the remnant of the 
style and covered with a fibrous, spongy, somewhat fleshy, inde- 
hiscent epicarp (shuck) and a rough, irregularly furrowed endo- 
carp (shell); embryo edible. Trees with sweet, watery juice, 
furrowed, scaly, resinous, aromatic bark and pith that separates 
into thin transverse layers. To this genus belong our native 
Black Walnut and Butternut, and the English Walnut (J. regia) 
of commerce, which has been long in cultivation, and is probably 
a native of Asia Minor. The Japanese use in large quantities a 
walnut belonging to this genus. The species here described have 
long tap roots and but few lateral roots. For this reason they do 
not transplant easily except when very young, or unless the tap 
roots are cut when the seedlings are small. In the latter case 
