238 TREES OF MINNESOTA. 
lateral roots are produced which may be saved in transplanting. 
It is desirable to plant the nuts where the trees are to remain. 
Juglans nigra. Black Walnut. 
Leaves twelve to twenty-four inches long, leaflets in seven 
to eleven pairs, ovate-lanceolate, lower surface and petioles min- 
utely glandular pubescent, aromatic when bruised. Fruit odorif- 
erous, spongy, usually globose, but occasionally oval, solitary or 
in pairs, one and one-half to two inches in diameter, with a 
rough dotted surface not as deeply furrowed as the Butternut. A 
large tree, sometimes too feet high and four to six feet or more in 
diameter. When growing in the open it develops a round head 
and casts a dense shade. 
Distribution.—From Western Massachusetts to Southern 
Minnesota and Eastern Kansas, south to Western Florida and 
the valley of the San Antonio river in Texas. In Minnesota 
formerly a common tree along the creek and river bottoms of 
the southern part of the state, and in a few locations is still rather 
abundant. 
Propagation.—By seeds, which should be gathered in autumn, 
kept stratified with moist leaves or sand over winter, and sown 
in the spring. Also grown to some extent by planting the seeds 
in autumn where the trees are to remain. The varieties are 
grown by grafting. Old trees may be top grafted like apple 
trees. 
Propertics of IVood—Heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse 
grained, easily worked, and very durable in contact with the soil. 
Color a rich, dark brown, with a thin, light sapwood. The fin- 
ished wood has a satiny surface, and will take a beautiful polish. 
Specific gravity, 0.6115; weight of a cubic foot, 38.11 pounds. 
Uses.—The Black Walnut is frequently used for ornamental 
planting in the parks of the United States and Europe. In this 
section, however, we reach the northern limit of its range, and 
find that it is not generally satisfactory when planted in the open, 
but often does well in protected locations and on deep alluvial 
soils. It can sometimes be used to advantage in timber plant- 
ings in the southern half of Minnesota when surrounded by some 
hardier tree to protect it from the wind. It is liable to sun-scald 
when the trunk is exposed in this section. Many large planta- 
tions of this tree have been made in Iowa, Southern Minnesota 
